![]() Evidence suggests that DA neurons from at least two of these clusters in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra process information from rewarding stimuli and distribute it to areas of the brain involved in motivation and goal-directed behavior. ![]() The organization of the mammalian DA system is extraordinarily complex, with neurons clustered into nine major nuclei and projecting broadly throughout the brain. Consequently a dysfunctional dopaminergic (DA) system has been linked to a number of neurological and psychiatric disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, depression, drug addiction and attention deficit disorder. In mammals these functions include motor control, reinforcement, motivation, memory, arousal and attention. ![]() The neuromodulator dopamine has been ascribed many important roles in the vertebrate and invertebrate nervous system. ![]()
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